Genesis is one of the most prominent tribal factors that influenced the formation of political life in Libya over its history. Has the tribes and their leaders led the armed struggle against the Italian occupiers between 1911 and 1943, when resistance has succeeded in forcing the Italian occupiers out the family Idrissi represented Libya in the United Nations meetings beginning in 1949, and the heads of the tribes to hold several meetings as representatives of the people in Benghazi to reach a constitution for the country for the first framed a constitutional monarchy.
For the first time in the history of Libya was enacted Constitution represents the rules are essential to preserve the rights of public and private individuals in 1951 under the leadership of the family of al-Idrisi. But in September 1961 he Muammar Gaddafi, along with a group of young officers to the work of a military coup and declared a republic, which was soon transformed into a system "mass" (which tried to apply what he called the ruling Executive Conferences and People's Committees) in 1977.
Tribal and political process before the revolution
Continued tribal influence on the political process in Libya, in the era of President dictatorial Muammar Gaddafi, where the political arena complaining about a big void as a result of the absence of the Constitution and the rule of law and the lack of ability to form political parties and trade unions, which made the tribe is the national umbrella main, and sometimes only, which can through which citizens exercise aspects of public activity are semi-independent. Find what a popular social leaders had been working primarily on the provision of protection, and the collection of rights, and access to jobs in the state apparatus, all depending on the strength of his tribe or the degree of closeness or loyalty to the ruling regime.
In the absence of law and the Constitution the tribal composition of social norms for the conduct of all aspects of life in what is known as the "Derbe Ouled Ali", or rather "the law of the desert", and this custom or "Alderbh" became a kind of law of the sanctions document nominally and partly to Islamic law, and consists of Article 67 identifies patterns of relationships between members of the tribe / tribes, and the types of attacks and sanctions traditional sign of committed. The commitments made by all the tribes, which revolve in the orbit of the children of Ali, and became "Alderbh" security and safety valve between the sons of the tribes in the area spend them in all their problems and their conditions of civil and personal misdemeanors to felonies.
Tribal and flourished throughout the Gaddafi era, which spanned more than forty years under the cloak of fascist political system through People's Congresses and People's Committees, and through the processes of escalation and a popular choice for leadership. It has spread in Libya during the Gaddafi era "Operation Alkolsh," a coordination and consultation and agreement between the tribes to nominate Secretary of the Conference or popular (province) in secret. And what I mean is that the winner will not be the job from outside the tribe in the majority of cases.
The Gaddafi using oil revenues enormous, which accounted for most of the aspects of income for the Libyan state since the discovery of oil fields at the end of the fifties to buy the loyalty of the tribes through the distribution of some of the proceeds of oil directly on them and the members of their tribe, and also by providing a system of financial and material support that provides the most the requirements of daily life of food and fuel and opportunities for education and work are almost free for all citizens. On this basis, Gaddafi was able to employ his reign over the large and small tribes in the east, west and south until it pledged to defend it to the last moment in his reign, before the outbreak of the revolution in February 17, 2011.
But bribery policy followed by the Gadhafi also accompanied Policy suppression and persecution and discrimination among citizens and tribes depending on their loyalty to his person and his regime and his ideas. For example, the persecution of the families of Gaddafi and prevent them from fully state of the opportunities and advantages of the state due to the fact that some of its members opposing. And abuse was not limited to family or tribe, and but extended to the entire geographic areas, for example, the eastern region Btabriq (also known as Beni Ghazi and around) and which saw the birth of the state historic property, and Gaddafi gig through the history of struggle against Italian occupation. It has become evident over time the vast difference between what is provided by the State budget for development, education and health in that region compared to the capital Tripoli and pro-Gadhafi areas. This is the main reason for the outbreak of the protests and demonstrations that territory first, immediately after the success of the other Arab revolutions in Egypt and Tunisia in the regulations in ousting dictatorship.
Tribal elections after the revolution
Immediately after the formation of the Transitional Council of Libya in February 2011 by the declaration of an interim constitution for the country even topple Gaddafi. It was the formal recognition by the United Nations new Libyan transitional government in October 2011 and is witnessing Libya since that time to establish a transitional phase constitution and the rule of a new permanent system. Where he was handing over power to the General National Congress on the eighth of August 2012, after being elected for the first time in the history of the country in the seventh month of July 2012 and runs a conference affairs of the country for a year and a half elected during which a president and vice then head of government, and then begins to prepare for the election of members of the Constitution Drafting Committee .
It was clear since the beginning of the electoral process that tribalism is still the main focus, which is a trends voters and political parties. Some tribes have objected to the electoral law in terms of what you see weakness in the shares on the distribution of seats in the National Council, after it has been determined according to geographic scope. In the election law and distributed seats 200 seat, so dominated west of the country and its capital Tripoli on more than half of the seats, which means that it will be a vision of the future political, and that Tripoli will get a veto and it will not be making any decision without it, while you can issue any decision without approval of the east and south; where up to 69 per Middle seats against 38 for the South.
In spite of the fact that Libya has seen a major operation from the crowd and participation for general elections for the first time for non a regional or tribal, where she was Alatnkhabat recent first real elections held in Libya since the monarchy quasi-parliament in the sixties where more than 7.2 million Libyans to register in the records of voters, including the equivalent of about 80% of those entitled to vote. The government did not issue any restrictions on the formation of political parties, which helped in the formation of dozens of political parties and electoral blocs, from different directions intellectual and political, and the number of independent candidates for election 2119 candidates competed for 120 seats, while competing on the seats of 80 allocated to parties 517 candidates, half of them almost from the women, who is also a new factor to the tribal system, which usual as long as the voter is like the leader of the tribe of men. The elections were held in Libya system of party lists, which it devoted 40% of the number of seats, and individual system independent and devoted to him 60% of the number of seats. The elections resulted in an alliance outweigh the national forces led by Mahmoud Jibril, calculated on the current Liberal and Islamist parties, won 39 seats of the 80 seats allocated to political blocks, compared to 17 seats for the ruling Justice and construction. While independents won seats, and 120 seats, a majority of individuals and those with links to the tribal clan. Despite the victory of the Islamists in the legislative elections in the seats allocated to political parties, the Alliance of Liberals failed Libyans headed by former interim Prime Minister Ahmed Jibril to assume key posts in the government in the National Assembly dominated by independents. Vhsolhm majority enabled them to vote on the new government without a clear political biases, but considerations of regional and tribal purely.
And also resulted in the election results tribalism prevail on the political and ideological orientation. Although the capacity of Islamists win majority of seats in the elections held after the revolution in neighboring countries such as Egypt, Libya and the surrounding and Tunisia, the Islamist opposition in Libya failed to catch up with those. The whole Analysts that dimension tribal in Libya is the main reason that, as a result of lack of political experience and electoral among religious currents of Libya in a country that has seen real elections for the first time in its history, and where the deal Voters Libyans with their representatives in terms of neurological and kinship as a source of confidence. And in addition to that, the form of harmony tribal system Libyan norms Islamic religious with respect and reverence Nation of Islam as a source of legislation factor significant difference for voters Egypt and Tunisia who have lived under the rule of a civilian and sometimes secular and hostile to the orientations of religious mostly, which gave impetus to the political forces of the Islamic in Egypt and Tunisia to ask itself as an alternative to a new political, unlike the situation in Libya.
And formed the clashes and armed conflicts between tribes during the election agent of political pressure Otheraly the political process and forced the participants to respect the rules of tribal work. In a country emerging from civil war, tough there are still about 20 million pieces of weapons, however, Libyan citizens, which represents a major threat to the overall security situation in the country over the next two years of the revolution, where she spoke frictions and armed conflicts every few months stop and postpone workflows year , including the electoral process itself. And put those protests and armed conflict agenda of issues in a serious and urgent need for politicians and successive governments, most notably the absence of addressing the real issue of transitional justice and the reintegration of the remnants of the former regime in public life or the trial of its leaders on charges of war crimes or corruption. Vallibion aspire to achieve comprehensive reconciliation in their country through the post and mediate tribal leaders and political elites to contain sparked a civil war that led to the deaths of more than 50 people dead and 10 missing and thousands displaced about one million Libyan abroad. But the discussion of the role of the tribal in the political process always takes turn poses a danger when the issue of federal or confederal basis for the rule at some point after the revolution. Valtkoan tribal pays as geographical distribution and places of influence as a criterion for self-government and local diameters between Libya three (east and west and south). And in light of the difference terrible in the natural resources and the lack of economy Libby productive outside the mining industry and oil refining, growing opportunities for the clash between the regions of the east, where is concentrated the majority of areas of oil extraction, and non-existent development Alaqsadah, social, and between political elites and the government in the majority of developing Tripoli and the West, Libyan , and most of those problems arising from Mady distinction obnoxious to the Gaddafi government's treatment of tribes and geographic areas and failing economy in the formation of Libyan forces. But still the political dimension of the crisis represented in the desire to form a decentralized rule does not, however, concentrated the power point with specific activating the role of the state to do its part in the democratic transition sensitive stage in the absence of security and economic instability on the other hand. And the problem is compounded with the lack of political awareness and sufficient experience with voters Libyans in dealing directly with the state without the presence of a mediator from the family or tribe which is the experience gained by citizens in democratic countries through the process of a comprehensive and integrated through independent institutions and institutions of society civil and free media dissolves distinctions between citizens and predominantly belonging to the state to belong to the tribe, and what is waiting for him in Libya if successful experience in democratic transition in the long term.
Sources:
Report by Freedom House: Countries at the Crossroads in Libya in 2011
The report of the State Department for human rights in Libya in 2011
Al Jazeera Arabic news reports about the elections and the impact of the Libyan tribal knowledge of the location of the island Arab Net:
Is Libya was liberated from tribes
Program to Libya after the elections
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